⁦From antiderivative to definite integral⁩

⁦Find an antiderivative and see why +C is needed, evaluate a definite integral with F(b) − F(a), find the mean value of a function and meet the integral of ١x⁩.

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الدليل

⁦Integrating is the reverse of differentiating⁩. An تابع أصلي ⁦of f is a function F with F′(x) = f(x)⁩. ⁦Shifting a graph up or down does not change its gradient, so every antiderivative comes with a constant⁩: ⁦∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C (the⁩ التكامل غير المحدد).

⁦For the⁩ التكامل المحدد ⁦from a to b, find F and calculate F(b) − F(a)⁩: ⁦the upper end first, then take away the lower end⁩. ⁦It is the area under the graph (below the axis it counts as negative)⁩.

⁦The mean value of f on [a, b] is the definite integral divided by the width b − a⁩. ⁦The power rule ∫xndx = xn + ١/(n + ١) + C works for every n except −1⁩: ∫١xdx = ln|x| + C.