⁦Methods of integration⁩

⁦Change the variable and the limits together, integrate by parts, split a fraction into partial fractions, pick a trigonometric substitution and decide whether an improper integral has a value⁩.

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الدليل

التكامل بتغيير المتحول: ⁦write u for the inside part, replace dx using du, and for a definite integral change the limits to u-values too⁩. ⁦Then you never need to go back to x⁩.

المكاملة بالتجزئة: ∫udv = uv − ∫vdu. ⁦Choose u as the part that gets simpler when differentiated (x), and dv as the part you can integrate (e⁩ˣ dx). كسور جزئية: ⁦a fraction with a factorised denominator is split into simple fractions, each easy to integrate⁩.

⁦For √(1 − x²) the substitution x = sin θ turns the root into cos θ⁩. ⁦An improper integral has an infinite limit (or an infinite value of f)⁩: ⁦it is a limit, and it may converge to a number or diverge⁩.